Technical Manual · Power Grid
PLN Java-Bali Grid Monitor — Methodology & Reference Basis
Every topology decision, electrical metric definition, data provenance item, and display convention behind the Java-Bali Grid Monitor. The monitor is a reference SLD + substation atlas sourced from published PLN data — not a real-time SCADA feed or a live power-flow solver.
▶ Open the live monitor01 Purpose & engineering basis
The PLN Java-Bali Grid Monitor is a single-line diagram (SLD) + geographic atlas of the Jamali (Java–Madura–Bali) high-voltage transmission backbone. It answers four reference questions: where are the major substations and power plants located, at what voltage tier do they operate, what published capacity and reserve-margin figures apply to each province, and how does the generation mix break down by fuel type.
The monitor provides two views: a geographic map (Leaflet with CARTO dark basemap, substation and plant markers, transmission-line overlays) and an inline SVG single-line diagram built to IEC 60617 graphical conventions. Both views share the same underlying node-and-edge dataset loaded from js/pln-java-grid-data.js.
Data provenance is entirely published PLN documents — primarily the PLN P2B 2016 single-line diagram, RUPTL 2025–2034, and PLN Annual Report 2024. The monitor does not connect to any PLN P2B SCADA system, real-time telemetry API, or automated data feed.
02 Inputs & user controls
The monitor has no numeric entry fields. User controls select which subset of the static dataset is displayed.
| Control | Type | Options | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| View mode | Segment toggle | Geographic Map / Single-Line Diagram | Switches between the Leaflet geographic view and the inline SVG SLD canvas. |
| Voltage layer | Checkboxes | 500 kV / 275 kV / 150 kV / 70 kV / 20 kV | Shows or hides the corresponding line tier and associated substations via CSS .hide-v500 / .hide-v275 etc. class toggling on the SVG root. |
| Plant fuel type | Checkboxes | Coal / Gas / Hydro / Geo / Solar / Biomass / Wind | Shows or hides plant markers by fuel via .hide-coal / .hide-hydro etc. classes. |
| Display options | Checkboxes | Labels / Capacity / kV badges | Toggles text overlays on SLD nodes: station name labels, installed-capacity chips, and voltage-class badges. |
| Show all 150 kV | Button toggle | On / Off | Reveals the full tier-2 (150 kV) substation layer, which is hidden by default at low zoom to reduce visual clutter. |
| Province tabs | Tab navigation | DKI Jakarta+Banten / Jawa Barat / Jawa Tengah+DIY / Jawa Timur | Loads the province snapshot panel with per-province headline numbers from PLN AR 2024. |
| Generation-mix pills | Filter pills | All Sources / Renewables / Low Carbon / Fossil Fuels | Highlights or dims fuel segments in the stacked-bar and breakdown table (display only — no recalculation). |
| Time-range pills | Filter pills | 24h / 2d / 7d / 1M / 3M / 1Y | Switches the stacked-area and carbon-intensity charts between representative diurnal, weekly, monthly, and annual profiles derived from PLN AR 2024 patterns. |
03 Methodology — electrical metric definitions
The monitor displays four headline grid metrics. These are standard power-systems definitions applied to the published PLN figures — they are not computed by a load-flow solver. Each metric is tagged REFERENCE to indicate it is read from published data, not derived.
Load factor
Reserve margin
Renewable penetration
Transmission loss rate
Grid carbon intensity
SLD topology — node and edge structure
Nodes are typed as station (substation) or plant (generating unit). Edges carry a voltage attribute (500 / 275 / 150 / 70 / 20), an optional km length, and a source provenance tag (pln-p2b-2016, ruptl-2025, or inferred). Inferred edges — flagged with data-source="inferred" — are visually de-emphasised (opacity 0.35, no animation) to distinguish them from confirmed PLN P2B topology.
Animated power-flow lines
04 Constants & data sources
All quantitative values in the monitor are sourced from one of the three primary PLN publications. No values are back-solved or estimated without citation.
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Java-Bali installed capacity | ~47,000 MW | PLN AR 2024 |
| Java-Bali peak demand (2024) | ~32,000 MW | PLN AR 2024 |
| Java-Bali reserve margin | ~31.0% | PLN AR 2024 (derived: (47,000−32,000)/32,000) |
| Renewable generation share | 13.5% | PLN AR 2024 |
| Grid carbon intensity | ~781 gCO₂/kWh | PLN AR 2024 + IEA Indonesia 2024 |
| System frequency nominal | 50.00 Hz | IEC 60038 + ASEAN Grid Code |
| UFLS trigger frequency | 49.30 Hz | PLN P2B grid code (under-frequency load shedding) |
| 500 kV substations (named) | ~28 | PLN P2B 2016 SLD |
| 150 kV substations (named) | 60+ | PLN P2B 2016 SLD + RUPTL 2025-2034 |
| Generating plants (in dataset) | 25+ | PLN P2B 2016 SLD + PLN AR 2024 |
| Provinces covered | 4 (DKI Jakarta+Banten, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah+DIY, Jawa Timur) | PLN AR 2024 provincial breakdown |
| DC-feeder overlay substations | ~142 total named 500/275/150 kV | PLN P2B 2016 + RUPTL 2025-2034 |
| RUPTL 2025-2034 reserve margin target | ≥ 25% Java-Bali | RUPTL 2025-2034 §4 |
| RUPTL renewable target (2025) | 23% national generation share | RUPTL 2025-2034 §6 |
| RUPTL carbon target (2030) | ~580 gCO₂/kWh | RUPTL 2025-2034 §7 |
| Nominal system voltage tiers | 500 kV / 275 kV / 150 kV / 70 kV / 20 kV | IEC 60038 standard voltages + PLN grid |
| Paiton coal complex (Java's largest) | 4,710 MW | PLN AR 2024 / RUPTL 2025-2034 |
| Suralaya coal complex | 3,400 MW | PLN AR 2024 |
| Cirata hydro reservoir | 1,008 MW | PLN AR 2024 |
| Banyuwangi-Bali submarine link | 275 kV HVAC submarine cable | RUPTL 2025-2034 + PLN P2B 2016 |
Voltage colour coding
| Tier | Colour (dark view) | Stroke width (SLD) | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500 kV | #3b82f6 (blue) | 1.6 px | Extra-high voltage backbone; animated flow |
| 275 kV | #a78bfa (violet) | 1.4 px | Sub-transmission; Sumatra links + Bali cable |
| 150 kV | #f87171 (red) | 1.0 px | High-voltage distribution backbone; animated |
| 70 kV | #fbbf24 (amber) | 0.7 px | Legacy sub-transmission; not animated |
| 20 kV | #14b8a6 (teal) | 0.6 px | Medium-voltage distribution; DC-feeder overlay |
05 Outputs
The monitor does not produce downloadable results or calculated outputs. It is a display tool. The following table describes what is rendered on screen and how each element is derived.
| Output element | Derived from | Nature |
|---|---|---|
| Geographic substation markers | Lat/lng from pln-java-grid-data.js, sourced PLN P2B 2016 + OSM cross-check | Published static |
| Transmission-line polylines (map) | Node-pair edges; straight-line approximation between known substation coordinates | Published static (topology confirmed; routing is approximate) |
| SLD nodes and edges (SVG) | IEC 60617-style symbols generated from the same node-edge dataset at fixed viewBox coordinates (1800 × 900) | Published static |
| System headline KPIs (stat tiles) | PLN AR 2024: installed MW, peak MW, reserve %, renewable %, substation count, DC subscribed MW | Published static |
| Province snapshot (peak, reserve, mix) | PLN AR 2024 provincial breakdown; generation-mix percentages rounded to nearest integer | Published static |
| Generation-mix stacked bar | Province-level fuel-share percentages from PLN AR 2024, rendered as proportional CSS flex segments | Published static |
| Carbon-intensity line chart | Representative 24 h diurnal profile parameterised from PLN AR 2024 mean (~781 gCO₂/kWh) with ±5% day/night swing | Illustrative profile (not SCADA) |
| Stacked-area generation chart | Diurnal/weekly/monthly profiles derived from PLN AR 2024 system averages; fuel shares held constant at annual mean | Illustrative profile (not SCADA) |
| Substation side-panel detail | Node attributes from pln-java-grid-data.js: name, voltage, MVA rating, province, commission year, confidence tier | Published static |
| Coordinate confidence badges | HI = surveyed GPS / PLN official; MED = OSM-derived; LOW = geometrically estimated between known points | Data quality flag |
06 Worked example — reading Jawa Barat from published data
The following shows exactly how to read the Jawa Barat province snapshot from the published PLN AR 2024 data, as the monitor displays it. No calculation is required — every number is extracted directly from the source document.
- Peak demand: PLN AR 2024 provincial statistics, Jawa Barat: 8,200 MW
- Installed capacity (Jawa Barat share): PLN AR 2024 provincial breakdown: ~10,500 MW → Reserve margin = (10,500 − 8,200) / 8,200 × 100 = 28.0%
- Generation mix: PLN AR 2024 — Coal 48%, Gas 18%, Hydro 22%, Geothermal 10%, Solar 2% → Hydro 22% + Geo 10% + Solar 2% = 34% renewable
- Key substations (500 kV, Jawa Barat): Cibatu, Cirebon, Ungaran (cross-provincial), Balaraja — sourced PLN P2B 2016 SLD
- Key plants: Cirata 1,008 MW (hydro) · Cirebon 1,660 MW (coal) · Indramayu 990 MW (coal) · Wayang Windu 227 MW (geothermal) — all from PLN AR 2024
- DC operators: Telkomsigma Sentul · EDGE DC Bandung · Lintasarta Bandung — from public operator disclosures, cross-checked against 6 known operators
- 20 kV DC-feeder overlay: ~30 endpoints (available in the dedicated Jawa Barat sub-page
pln-java-grid-jabar.html)
07 References & standards
- RUPTL 2025-2034 — PLN Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik 2025–2034: installed capacity by province, reserve margin targets (≥25% Java-Bali), renewable generation targets (23% by 2025), HVDC / submarine interconnect plans.
- PLN Annual Report 2024 — primary source for Java-Bali system headlines: installed capacity 47 GW, peak demand 32 GW, renewable share 13.5%, carbon intensity ~781 gCO₂/kWh, provincial peak and generation-mix breakdowns.
- PLN P2B 2016 Single-Line Diagram — topology source for named 500/275/150 kV substations and transmission corridors. The PLN P2B (Pusat Pengaturan Beban) 2016 SLD is the most recent publicly available full-system SLD for the Jamali interconnection.
- BPS Statistical Indonesia 2024 — cross-check for provincial energy consumption and GDP-energy intensity figures.
- IEA Indonesia 2024 — national energy balance, carbon intensity benchmarks, and OECD comparison values shown in the carbon-intensity chart.
- IEC 60038 (2009) — IEC standard voltages: defines 500 kV, 275 kV, 150 kV, 70 kV, 20 kV as standard nominal system voltages.
- IEC 60617 — Graphical symbols for diagrams: basis for node symbols (substation, generator, transformer) used in the inline SVG SLD.
- ASEAN Grid Code — regional interconnection standards; frequency band 50 Hz ± 0.05 Hz control target.
- OpenStreetMap contributors — geographic basemap via Leaflet + CARTO dark tile; substation coordinate cross-check source for MED-confidence nodes.
- Monitor source — node/edge dataset:
js/pln-java-grid-data.js· energy-dashboard data:js/pln-energy-data.js· rendering engine:js/pln-energy-dashboard.js· map layer:js/rz-map.js.
08 Assumptions & limitations
Published-data vintage: the topology, capacity, and metric figures reflect the PLN P2B 2016 SLD (topology) and PLN AR 2024 / RUPTL 2025-2034 (capacity and KPIs). New substations commissioned after April 2026 (the dataset refresh date) are not included. The dataset was last updated 2026-04-29.
Not real-time SCADA: the monitor has no connection to PLN P2B's Energy Management System (EMS) or any SCADA/ICCP telemetry. All generation, demand, reserve, frequency, and carbon-intensity values are static representative figures from the above publications. The "Live Energy Dashboard" label refers to the dashboard's design pattern (mirroring energydashboard.co.uk/live) — not to a live data feed.
Power-flow animation: the animated dashed strokes on 500/275/150 kV lines are a visual convention for "energised corridor per published data". They do not represent computed real-time power flow, direction, or loading. Inferred edges (flagged data-source="inferred") are de-emphasised and carry the lowest confidence.
Coordinate accuracy: 500 kV substation coordinates are generally HI confidence (GPS-accurate per PLN official records or engineering site data). Many 150 kV substations are MED confidence (OSM cross-check) or LOW confidence (estimated geometrically between confirmed anchor points). Do not use these coordinates for civil engineering or permitting purposes.
Province-level figures: per-province peak demand and generation mix are PLN AR 2024 estimates rounded to three significant figures. They represent annual system averages; instantaneous figures vary with time of day, season, and dispatch order.
This monitor is a reference and education tool for data-centre infrastructure professionals who need to understand the Java-Bali grid context. It is not a replacement for direct engagement with PLN for connection planning, nor for the official RUPTL or PLN Engineering documents when making investment decisions.